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As we’ve seen, a backslash \ is used to denote character classes, e.g. \d. So it’s a special character in regexps (just like in regular strings). There are other special characters as well, that have special meaning in a regexp, such as [ ] { } ( ) \ ^ $ . | ? * +. They are used to do more powerful searches. Don’t try to remember the list – soon we’ll deal with each of them, and you’ll know them by heart automatically. EscapingLet’s say we want to find literally a dot. Not “any character”, but just a dot. To use a special character as a regular one, prepend it with a backslash: \.. That’s also called “escaping a character”. For example: alert( "Chapter 5.1".match(/\d\.\d/) ); // 5.1 (match!) alert( "Chapter 511".match(/\d\.\d/) ); // null (looking for a real dot \.)Parentheses are also special characters, so if we want them, we should use \(. The example below looks for a string "g()": alert( "function g()".match(/g\(\)/) ); // "g()"If we’re looking for a backslash \, it’s a special character in both regular strings and regexps, so we should double it. alert( "1\\2".match(/\\/) ); // '\' A slashA slash symbol '/' is not a special character, but in JavaScript it is used to open and close the regexp: /...pattern.../, so we should escape it too. Here’s what a search for a slash '/' looks like: alert( "/".match(/\//) ); // '/'On the other hand, if we’re not using /.../, but create a regexp using new RegExp, then we don’t need to escape it: alert( "/".match(new RegExp("/")) ); // finds / new RegExpIf we are creating a regular expression with new RegExp, then we don’t have to escape /, but need to do some other escaping. For instance, consider this: let regexp = new RegExp("\d\.\d"); alert( "Chapter 5.1".match(regexp) ); // nullThe similar search in one of previous examples worked with /\d\.\d/, but new RegExp("\d\.\d") doesn’t work, why? The reason is that backslashes are “consumed” by a string. As we may recall, regular strings have their own special characters, such as \n, and a backslash is used for escaping. Here’s how “\d.\d” is perceived: alert("\d\.\d"); // d.dString quotes “consume” backslashes and interpret them on their own, for instance: \n – becomes a newline character, \u1234 – becomes the Unicode character with such code, …And when there’s no special meaning: like \d or \z, then the backslash is simply removed.So new RegExp gets a string without backslashes. That’s why the search doesn’t work! To fix it, we need to double backslashes, because string quotes turn \\ into \: let regStr = "\\d\\.\\d"; alert(regStr); // \d\.\d (correct now) let regexp = new RegExp(regStr); alert( "Chapter 5.1".match(regexp) ); // 5.1 Summary To search for special characters [ \ ^ $ . | ? * + ( ) literally, we need to prepend them with a backslash \ (“escape them”). We also need to escape / if we’re inside /.../ (but not inside new RegExp). When passing a string to new RegExp, we need to double backslashes \\, cause string quotes consume one of them. |
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